The Pacific Northwest Economic Region (PNWER) works with various stakeholders in the Northwest States and Western Canadian Provinces on securing federal funding to combat invasive mussels including support for watercraft inspection stations. For the past several years the US Congress has appropriated matching funds for the operation of watercraft inspection stations to protect the Columbia River Basin against quagga and zebra mussel infestation.  The Senate Environment and Public Works Committee just approved an authorization bill for increased funding for Columbia River Basin protection efforts. This increase will be a great opportunity to leverage the Federal matching funds to double the Northwest States' budgets.  Additionally, Congress is in the process of appropriation legislation to continue match funding of inspection stations. Both of these bills are tremendous examples of federal and state cooperation on a critical challenge that could cost the region hundreds of millions of dollars.

PNWER has worked with Northwest state and Western Canadian provincial legislators, agencies; U.S. Federal legislators and officials; as well as regional nonprofit associations to support and organize the region’s defense against invasive mussels for the past several years. Recently, PNWER with regional partners and the assistance of our congressional delegation have been able to secure $15 Million U.S. Federal matching funds for watercraft inspection stations programs in the Northwest.

The Senate Environment and Public Works Committee on Thursday, May 22 unanimously passed Senate Bill S. 2800 - America's Water Infrastructure Act of 2018.  Section 1024 of this bill reauthorizes Federal one-to-one matching funds from the Army Corps of Engineers to states with watercraft inspection stations programs.  These inspection stations work to protect the Columbia River Basin from invasive species such as quagga and zebra mussels.   The latest bill increases overall Federal funding level in addition to the Columbia River Basin and authorizes new matching funds for the Upper Missouri River protection operations. In the Senate bill, the overall authorization will increase from $40 Million to $80 Million in funds for all aquatic control activities each year.
The Pacific Northwest is the only region in the United States that does not have established populations of invasive quagga or zebra mussels, which multiply quickly and are easily transported across jurisdictions on boat hulls and in ballast tanks. Quagga and zebra mussels disrupt native fish habitats and destroy aquatic ecosystems in infested waterways. An invasion will rapidly foul and damage the operations of hydropower, irrigation, fish hatcheries, and municipal water facilities vital to our region’s economy at a cost of $500 million annually, according to an economic impact assessment for the region.

Related to Federal invasive species funding, on May 24 the Senate Appropriations Committee advanced the FY2019 Energy and Water Development Senate Bill S. 2975 and Related Agencies Appropriations Act.  The appropriation funds programs and critical infrastructure projects administered by the Army Corps of Engineers and Bureau of Reclamation authorized in Section 1039 of the WRRDA related to invasive species watercraft inspection stations in the Columbia River Basin.  This appropriation will continue to match up to $ 6 million in Federal funds.

The Pacific NorthWest Economic Region (PNWER) is a public/private non-profit created by statute in 1991. Member jurisdictions include Alaska, Idaho, Oregon, Montana and Washington, and the Canadian provinces and territories of British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, the Northwest Territories and Yukon. PNWER's mission is to increase the economic well-being and quality of life for all citizens of the region; identify and promote "models of success;" and serve as a conduit to exchange information.

Background:

• Link to Bill S. 2800
• Link to Bill S. 2975
• S.2975 report Language

Aquatic Plant Control Program. Of the funding recommended for the Aquatic Plant Control Program, $1 million shall be for activities for the control of flowering rush. Of the funding recommended for the Aquatic Plant Control Program, $5 million shall be for nationwide research and development to address invasive aquatic plants; within this funding, the Corps is encouraged to support cost-shared aquatic plant management programs. Of the funding recommended for the Aquatic Plant Control Program, $6 million shall be for watercraft inspection stations, as authorized by section 1039 of the WRRDA, and related monitoring.
​
PNWER report:
Advancing a Regional Defense Against Dreissenids in the Pacific Northwest 

The past week—officially (and ironically) dubbed “World Trade Week” by the US White House (link) — witnessed significant trade policy developments for automotive manufacturers and suppliers.  However, the deadlines presented in the coming week (May 28-June 2) may lead to even greater disruption in the auto and advanced manufacturing sectors and require close attention. 
 
You can find background on these developments, as well as a sampling of Dickinson Wright’s comments in global media, as follows:

• Trump officials weigh 25 percent tax on imported cars in a bid to force concessions in NAFTA trade talks, Washington Post (link)
• Trump Administration explores auto related tariffs, CBS news (link)
• Trump's auto tariff surprise, Politico (link)
• Canadian Auto industry blindsided by Trump's absurd tariff threat, The Globe and Mail (link)
• Canadian auto sector observers doubt US will carry through on tariff threat, Financial Post (link)
• Trump administration explores tariffs on autos, auto parts, China Post (link)
  

Looking ahead to next week, Dickinson Wright encourages companies to be aware of the following five (5) trade issues:
 
1.Section 232 Investigation into Auto Imports— The “headline-grabbing” news of the past week was that US President Donald Trump ordered the US Department of Commerce (DOC) to launch a Section 232 national security investigation into automobile imports.  It was reported that President Trump asked for additional tariffs between 20-25%. 
 
According to a statement issued by DOC, the investigation will “determine whether imports of automobiles, including SUVs, vans, light trucks, and automotive parts into the United States threaten to impair the national security.” (Emphasis added.)  The Secretary of Commerce has 270 days to conduct an investigation and present the DOC’s findings and recommendations to the President.  If the Secretary finds that an import threatens to impair US national security, the President shall determine whether he agrees with those findings within 90 days.  If so, he must determine what, if any, action to implement to “adjust” the imports of the article in question so that they will not threaten to impair national security. 

• What Should We Do?  The DOC is expected to hold a public hearing and invite comments from the automotive industry and other stakeholders, the date of which will be announced “shortly” in the Federal Register (Dickinson Wright will forward once released).  As a result, companies with interest in the outcome of this investigation should consider their strategy as early as possible, including working with allies, congressional and otherwise.  Potentially affected parties ensure that the Trump Administration, especially the DOC and the White House, are aware of their views and concerns. This may include preparing comments for submission to the DOC or participating in the anticipated public hearing.  Dickinson Wright emphasizes that the Trump Administration relies heavily on individual company “stories” as opposed to broad pronouncements and policies from trade associations.  It is imperative that individual companies get engaged on this issue.  Dickinson Wright is available to assist and frequently appears on behalf of clients in these types of proceedings.   

 
2.Section 232 Steel and Aluminum Tariffs—Of greatest immediate impact, the  deadline for the Trump Administration to extend or grant country exemptions from the Section 232 steel and aluminum tariffs is fast approaching, without any resolution in sight.  The Trump Administration has already imposed 25% tariff ad valorem on steel and 10% ad valorem on aluminum imports into the United States from all countries (as of March 23, 2018), with the exception of a few countries as to which the Trump Administration is negotiating country-wide exemptions from tariffs, including Canada, Mexico, and the European Union.  Only South Korea has received a permanent exemption from the tariffs, in exchange for concessions in trade negotiations and establishing quotas (which are largely filled). 
 
It is highly unlikely that any new major country exemptions—such as for Japan—will be granted.  Dickinson Wright also anticipates, barring any developments over the next week, that it is unlikely that the EU and Mexico will continue to have country exemptions beyond .  Similarly, it is unlikely that Canada will maintain its country exemptions.  Again, Dickinson Wright does not expect Canada, Mexico, and the EU to have country exemptions past June 1 unless there is significant developments over the next week.    

• What Should We Do?  Companies that rely on products from these countries should seek specific product exclusions from the tariffs.  Dickinson Wright has prepared and filed many product exclusion requests and has provided the following webinar to introduce companies on the process.  http://www.dickinson-wright.com/events/a-time-for-tariffs-steel-and-alum-webinar-3-28 

 
Additionally, Canada, Mexico, and the EU (as well as other affected countries) thereafter will publish lists of items upon which that country will impose retaliatory tariffs.  These products include steel and aluminum products as well as any product that may be of practical and political importance to the US (there is no requirement that it be linked to steel and aluminum production).  It is imperative that companies monitor those retaliation lists to ensure that its goods will not be impacted by retaliatory tariffs.  In the event that retaliatory measures impact a company, Dickinson Wright can assist with working with the foreign government to potentially minimize the consequences. 
 
3.NAFTA—The past week witnessed a flurry of activity targeting the NAFTA modernization process.  While there were several reports of potential concessions that were made by Mexico and the US over the past week, Dickinson Wright’s current intelligence is that the negotiations are at an impasse. 
 
Automotive Rules of Origin (ROO) are at the top of several key sticking points.  Specifically, the US presented it most recent auto ROO “proposal” (without formal text) in late April/early May, which the Mexican negotiating team considered and countered during the week May 7.  While Mexico’s counterproposal included all of the key “elements” contained in the US proposal—including wage requirements and a steel and aluminum threshold—the parties differed on the number/percentages.  Mexico also required that, in exchange for its concessions on auto ROO, the US would make concessions on other controversial areas such as a “sunset clause” (reauthorizing the NAFTA every five years), seasonal produce, and dispute resolution.  The US immediately rejected the proposal and Mexico withdrew its request.  No new offer has been tabled by any party.
 
The US proposal was a 75% top line regional value content for auto ROO, of which 40% (45% for light duty trucks) of the final assembly must be produced at the North American Average Wage (approx. $15-$17).  Up to 15% (20% for light duty trucks) of that  North American Average Wage requirement could include R&D, marketing, sales, etc. salaries.  The US proposal also required that 70% of all steel and aluminum originate in North America.  The US further proposed 2, 4, and 9 year phase-in requirements, depending on the components, with autonomous and electric vehicles having the longest phase-in period.
 
For its part, Mexico advanced a top-line RVC of 70% (as opposed to the US’ 75%) of which 20% (30% for light duty pickup) must be assembled at the North American Average Wage.  Mexico counter-proposed steel (30%) and aluminum (20%) thresholds. Mexico’s counterproposal included a 10 year phase-in period.  Mexico’s overarching concern was that only a limited percentage of its auto production could comply with all of the elements.  Consequently, Mexico’s proposal included certain options/credits for companies that complied with some, but not all, of the elements.  The full contours of that component of the proposal remain unclear and may be in flux.
 
The inability to reach an agreement in principle on auto ROO has prevented the parties from reaching any resolution.  Over the course of the past ten days, the US, Canada, and various stakeholders have floated the idea of a “skinny NAFTA”, relying on only the US Executive Branch (and not Congress) to “tweak” the NAFTA.  The purest form of the “skinny NAFTA” would be to have updated auto ROO provisions and a few other “fresh coat of paint” upgrades in areas such as anti-corruption.  More legally tenuous is to move the “skinny NAFTA” to a “fast NAFTA” which would have provisions on digital, customs and trade facilitation, as well as “quick-hits on dairy and other issues.   There has been significant push-back from Congress, including from the chairman of the influential House Ways and Means Committee, as well as labor, on the “skinny NAFTA” option.  While “skinny NAFTA” has some surface appeal as it would minimize any potential harm from the negotiations, the fall-out could bring the NAFTA closer to withdrawal. In short, faced with pushback that he is soft on NAFTA, the President will overreact.   Dickinson Wright’s view is that the parties will proceed for a full NAFTA, which will take time to resolve major outstanding issues such as auto ROO, government procurement, supply management, dispute resolution, textiles, and intellectual property rights.  Unfortunately, the parties are out of time under various domestic processes to reach a deal and submit for ratification by the close of 2018.  There will not be a fully ratified NAFTANEXT in 2018.

• What Should We Do?  While the NAFTA appears in stall mode until after the July 1 elections in Mexico and potentially the US November midterms, the potential for a deal to rapidly come together is ever-present, even one that may not be ratified in 2018.  Any solution the parties reach on auto ROO will have place significant compliance burdens on the suppliers.  Companies should be ensuring that all documentation, origin certifications, and records are up to date as OEMs likely will be reviewing all supplier contracts and compliance protocols in the lead-up to a new NAFTA.

 
4.China—Negotiations between the US and China will continue, with Secretary Ross visiting China in the coming weeks.  China is starting to announce reductions in tariffs such as a new 15% auto tariff (down from 25%) and promotion of purchasing US goods.  Pushback to the President’s efforts has been severe, with the US Senate passing a bill preventing the implementation of one deal element (easing trade remedies on China’s ZTE) and labor vocally challenging the President’s commitment to “get tough” on China.  The politics of 2018 and 2020 will be determined by how the President handles China.  Success could bring victory.  Pushback, or allegations of the President easing up on China, could encourage wild extremes of actions and policies.    
 
5.Trade Promotion Authority 2015 Extension—All of this activity is occurring against the backdrop of the President’s Trade Promotion Authority (TPA aka “fast track”) expiring on .  While TPA has no role in Section 232 tariffs, it is the primary authority through which the President is negotiating the NAFTA and potentially will deal with UK, Japan and others.  Pursuant to the statute, the President requested an extension of TPA until 2021.  While Congress is not required to affirmatively approve the extension, Congress may file a “disapproval resolution” of the request.  Up until this week, conventional wisdom was that the extension would smoothly sail through Congress; however, Congress may use June to “flex its muscles on trade.”  A report on the extension is due from the International Trade Commission by .  It may be worth a read and TPA extension may become the talk of June
 
Dickinson Wright is engaged in all of these activities.  We are happy to discuss and assist at any time.
 
Best,
Dan
 

 
Daniel D. Ujczo Practice Group Chair - Intl & Regional Practices

Meetings with:
His Honour the Honourable W. Thomas Molloy, Lieutenant Governor of Saskatchewan
Honourable Scott Moe, Premier of Saskatchewan
Honourable Lyle Stewart, Minister of Agriculture
Honourable Dustin Duncan, Minister of the Environment
Honourable Jeremy Harrison, Minister of Trade and Export Development
Honourable David Marit, Minister of Highways and Infrastructure
Honourable Bronwyn Eyre, Minister of Energy and Resources
Honourable Mark Docherty, Speaker of the Legislative Assembly
Ms. Carla Beck, Deputy Leader of the Official Opposition
Mr. Greg Brkich, Government House Leader

PNWER Delegation:

• ​​Sen. Arnie Roblan – OR, PNWER President
  
• Rep. Mike Cuffe – MT, PNWER Vice President
  
• Larry Doke, MLA – SK, PNWER Vice President
  
• Former Sen. John Brenden – MT
  
• Matt Morrison, Executive Director, PNWER
  
• Brandon Hardenbrook, COO, PNWER
  

Meetings:

• Alberta Government Roundtable
  • Robyn Luff, MLA Calgary East
  • Andre Corbould, Deputy Minister, Agriculture and Forestry
  • Rick Blackwood, Assitant Deputy Minister, Strategy Division, Environment and Parks
  • Doug Lammie, Assistant Deputy Minister Strategic Policy Division, Energy
  • Chris Radojewski, Senior Intergovernmental Officer, EDT
  • Dave Kettles, Director, Provincial and State Engagement, Alberta Economic Development and Trade
    
    
• Meeting with the Honourable Robert Wanner, Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta
• Government of Alberta, Economic Development and Trade
  • Briefing on Alberta's Climate Change Innovation and Technology Framework- Lee Kruszewski, Alberta EDT
  • Tour of Alberta Food Processing Development Centre in LeDuc, AB
• Tour of CanmetEnergy

PNWER Delegation:

• Sen. Arnie Roblan – OR, PNWER President
• Rep. Mike Cuffe – MT, PNWER Vice President
• Shawna Argue, APEGS 
  
• Matt Morrison, Executive Director, PNWER
• Brandon Hardenbrook, COO, PNWER

House Speaker Paul Ryan's May 17th deadline has come and gone without a new deal on NAFTA. This was originally the deadline for the Trump administration to submit a trade deal in order to have it voted on by the current congress before the end of the session.. This makes a NAFTA deal in 2019 now more likely than ever. 

However, Canada and Mexico are not deterred by Ryan's deadline and remain optimistic about reaching a deal soon. Mexican Economy Minister Ildefonso Guajardo has said a deal in late May or early June is still possible (Mexico elects a new president on July 1st). 

In addition, on Thursday Ryan extended his deadline, saying that a deal produced in the next week or two could still be voted on by this congress. That would only be possible if the International Trade Commission can finish their review of the deal in less than the allotted 105 days after signing. 

Issues that still need to be solved: Auto manufacturing rules of origin, steel and aluminum tariffs, the dispute resolution mechanism, the sunset clause, seasonality tariffs, textiles, dairy market access, de minimis and ecommerce rules. 

If the parties cannot agree on a deal before these deadlines, an agreement in principle that would calm markets and lay a groundwork for next year is more likely.

In late April PNWER issued a revised statement calling for a continued exemption of steel and aluminum tariffs from Canada which was extended another month. PNWER also issued a statement opposing tariffs on newsprint from Canada. 

In Other NAFTA News:
Saskatchewan Premier Moe says NAFTA needs an update not a rewrite following first U.S. summit - Global News

Christopher Sands on The Risks of Missing the May Deadline for NAFTA 2.0 - CSIS 

A new NAFTA will probably not get done this year. Now what? - POLITICO

Trump’s Goal for Nafta Rewrite Looks Unattainable in 2018 - The Wall Street Journal

Time is running out on NAFTA, as U.S. grapples with China over trade - CBS News

Kudlow Says Nafta Deal Is Test of Trump Trade Cooperation - Bloomberg

​Contributions by Zack Tarhouni, PNWER Intern

Christoper Sands, Senior Associate, Americas Program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies reviews the consequences of delaying NAFTA agreement at https://www.csis.org/analysis/risks-missing-may-deadline-nafta-20

An 'agreement in principle' could not be reached at the Summit of the Americas earlier this month, but Vice President Pence and Commerce Secretary Wilbur Ross, who attended in place of President Trump, are hopeful about reaching a preliminary deal by the third week of May.

All parties seem eager to meet this deadline as US Trade Representative Robert Lighthizer meets with his Canadian and Mexican counter parts on Tuesday (4/24) in Washington DC. High ranking officials met Friday (4/20) and will continue through the weekend in preparation for the trilateral meeting. The 7th of 30 eventual chapters in the NAFTA agreement has just been completed.

The origin rules for auto parts remains a major sticking point in negotiations. This rule governs the percentage of vehicle content that must be made in NAFTA countries. Originally, the Trump administration wanted to raise that requirement from 62.5% to 85% and increase the amount built in the US but has 'significantly softened' their position. 

Former Commerce Secretary Carlos Gutierezz offered his predictions on an eventual NAFTA deal, saying that number will end up at 70%-75% for regional rules of origin (auto content coming from any of the three NAFTA nations rather than from US only). In addition, the proposed sunset provision requiring NAFTA renegotiation every five years will likely be changed to a recurring check-in.

Other negotiation speed bumps include government procurement, investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS), and dairy products. 

Meanwhile, elections that could be consequential for NAFTA  are quickly approaching; Mexico elects a new president on July 1, and US Midterm elections on November 6 could elect a Congress that makes NAFTA renegotiation difficult. 

Under the Trade Promotion Authority the White House must give Congress 90 days notice of its decision to sign the new agreement. 60 days before signing, a legal text of the agreement must be released (if anti-dumping and countervailing duty measures are changed by the deal, 180 days notice would be required instead). 

Other NAFTA and Trade news:

https://www.forbes.com/sites/phillevy/2018/04/17/is-there-still-time-for-a-nafta-deal/#1dd7ae8f3122

https://www.politico.com/story/2018/04/20/lighthizer-nafta-trump-trade-congress-539248

​​Contributions by Zack Tarhouni, PNWER Intern

The next round of NAFTA talks has been delayed to allow for a series of high level meetings in DC on Friday April 6th,  (Next round of NAFTA talks on hold as ministers meet in Washington)  between US Trade Representative Robert Lighthizer, Canadian Foreign Affairs Minister Chrystia Freeland, and Mexico's Secretary of Economy Ildefonso Guajardo Billarreal. The 8th Round is expected to begin next week, from April 8-18, although it has not been formalized yet. In addition, the leaders of Canada, Mexico, and the US will meet at the Summit of the America's April 13th-14th, where there is a possibility of signing an agreement in principle on NAFTA. 

Since the last round of talks in March, the Trump administration has pulled back on some of its contentious auto-manufacturing requirements, but a number of serious questions remain, including carve-outs on steel and aluminum tariffs for Mexico and Canada, which expire on May 1st  (U.S. sets May 1 tariff threat on Canada, Mexico amid rush to speed up NAFTA talks) and the proposed "sunset clause" requiring NAFTA renegotiation every 5 years.  The US tariffs on steel and aluminum from Canada and Mexico received temporary exemptions after stakeholders expressed concern over impacts. PNWER issued a statement on the proposed tariffs on March 7th  PNWER Letter to President Donald J. Trump - March 7, 2018   Also nearly 130 republican congressional leaders, led by Rep. Dave Reichert (WA) signed a letter opposing the tariffs  

Nearly 100 Congressional Republicans sent a letter to the USTR to push to maintain the investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) in NAFTA,  in response Ambassador  Lighthizer's statements on his preference to do away with the ISDS process before the House Ways and Means Committee. 

In Idaho, bi-partisan state legislative leaders have expressed their concern over the potential impact of withdrawal from NAFTA on the state. Minority Leader Rep. Erpelding and Senate Commerce & Human Resources Committee chair Sen. Jim Patrick co-authored an editorial outlining their concerns: NAFTA has been a game-changer for Idaho. Don’t damage Idaho agriculture, tech companies

Finally, here's a new tool developed by the US Chamber showing economic data by state related to NAFTA trade with Canada and Mexico: https://www.naeconomicalliance.com/nafta-and-you-interactive-map/  According to the tool, across WA, OR, ID, and MT there are 585,000 jobs supported by NAFTA  and $13,218,868,498 in NAFTA supported exports.

Other NAFTA and Trade news: 

Senate Ag chairman says trade disputes “not a good situation”

As Trump Threatens NAFTA (Again), States With the Most on the Line Ahead of Trade Talks

These deadlines explain why Trump's hurrying to get a Nafta deal

Alberta signs letter to U.S. President Donald Trump opposing steel tariffs

Any NAFTA deal in principle would focus on auto rules

In Nafta Shift, U.S. Focuses on Labor Standards

​Contributions by Zack Tarhouni, PNWER Intern

John Higginbotham, Centre for International Governance Innovation (CIGI) spoke about the need for the governments to work together especially on Arctic policy and the importance of the prime minister and president to work together on arctic issues.  Adrianna Muir, Deputy Senior Arctic Official from the U.S. State Department spoke about the need for all levels of the federal government agencies to communicate across silos. This theme was mentioned during Senator Murkowski’s remarks on fixing communication barriers across the federal government.  She also recognized Alaska’s role as a leader in the Arctic. Senator Stedman added that arctic communities want infrastructure and desire to see their communities share in the same technological advancements as other U.S. cities. ​

PNWER Statement on Steel and Aluminum Tariffs
March 7, 2018

TARIFFS – THE WRONG WAY TO ACHIEVE GREATER ECONOMIC GROWTH, RESILIENCE, AND SECURITY IN NORTH AMERICA

The highly integrated North American steel and aluminum industry supports critical manufacturing supply chains in both the US and Canada. Because of our interdependent economic ties, the proposed 25% steel and 10% aluminum tariffs will have unintended consequences which will seriously impact jobs and local economies in the US and Canada.
 
If tariffs are imposed they most likely will lead to higher prices for consumers in the US and in Canada which will limit economic growth. Canada buys more American steel than any other country and accounts for 50% of U.S. exports. The U.S. has a $2-billion surplus in steel trade with Canada, and US exports of aluminum to Canada support more than 160,000 US jobs.
 
Should any tariffs be considered on steel and aluminum, Canada deserves an exemption due to our shared economics ties, supply chain integration and mutual defense partnership.
 
Senator Arnie Roblan, (Oregon) PNWER President: “PNWER stands for the strong economic connection between our two countries. We have the longest open border in the world, and our trade policy should reflect that. The integrated supply chains that allow us to build world class airplanes depend upon stable, reliable, and open trade relationships with Canada that would be disrupted by any tariffs between us.”
 
"Canada and the U.S. share a long history of economic and security cooperation that has created one of the world's most enduring and prosperous international partnerships. Exempting Canada from the proposed steel and aluminum tariffs is the right choice for both our countries. It would mean these highly integrated industries can continue providing the prosperity and security that support so many businesses and hundreds of thousands of jobs on both sides of the border,” said Graham Sucha, Member of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta, and PNWER Vice President.
 
PNWER supports the modernization of NAFTA to enhance the existing economic relationships within PNWER jurisdictions in a mutually beneficial manner.

PNWER Letter to President Donald J. Trump - March 7, 2018
More information about PNWER's trade advocacy here.

*UPDATE: Trump's steel, aluminum tariffs exempt Canada, Mexico 
​